Chemistry · Grades 10–12
Physical chemistry · Formula reference 2
Formula reference
Rule and assumptions
Simple equilibrium ratio
For the stated A ⇌ B model, use equilibrium concentrations. Other equations require different powers and expressions.
Kc = [B]/[A] for A ⇌ B
Average disappearance rate
Reactant concentration falls; report its positive average disappearance rate as (initial − final)/time.
r = (c₁ − c₂)/Δt
Standard cell potential
Subtract the anode reduction potential from the cathode reduction potential. Do not multiply potentials by equation coefficients.
E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode
Further reading and review references
These are reference links, not copied exercises, institutional endorsement or proof of independent review.
Learning preview · independent educational and translation review required. Suggested grades are not official curriculum alignment.