Physics · Grades 10–12
Light & optics · Formula reference
Formula reference
Rule and assumptions
Refraction using given sine values
Angles are measured from the normal. Find the sine requested, not an angle in degrees.
n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂
Light speed in a medium
The refractive index is dimensionless; use the given vacuum speed.
v = c/n
Image distance for a converging lens
This model uses a thin lens, a real object beyond the focal point, and positive real-image distances.
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
Image-size magnification
This question asks for size, not orientation; the magnification magnitude is given.
|hi| = |m| × |ho|
Further reading and review references
These are reference links, not copied exercises, institutional endorsement or proof of independent review.
Learning preview · independent educational and translation review required. Suggested grades are not official curriculum alignment.