Physics · Grades 8–12
Motion & graphs · Formula reference 2
Formula reference
Rule and assumptions
Displacement with constant acceleration
Displacement may be negative; do not automatically take its absolute value.
s = ut + ½at²
Idealized stopping time
b is the positive magnitude of constant deceleration; reaction time is excluded.
t = u/b
Idealized braking distance
Assume straight-line motion and constant deceleration up to rest.
s = u²/(2b)
Closing speed
Add speeds only here because the objects move directly toward each other.
closing speed = v₁ + v₂
Time to maximum height
At the highest point velocity is zero, but gravitational acceleration is not.
t = u/g
Further reading and review references
These are reference links, not copied exercises, institutional endorsement or proof of independent review.
Learning preview · independent educational and translation review required. Suggested grades are not official curriculum alignment.