Physics · Grades 9–12
Thermal physics · Formula reference
Formula reference
Rule and assumptions
Energy for a temperature rise
Assume constant specific heat, no phase change and no energy loss.
Q = mcΔT
Energy for a phase change
At the phase-change temperature, use latent heat rather than a temperature-rise formula.
Q = mL
Ideal mixing temperature
Both portions have the same constant specific heat; no phase change, container heating or loss.
Tf = (m₁T₁ + m₂T₂)/(m₁ + m₂)
Steady conduction through a slab
Use a uniform slab, steady temperatures and one-dimensional conduction.
P = kAΔT/L
Further reading and review references
These are reference links, not copied exercises, institutional endorsement or proof of independent review.
Learning preview · independent educational and translation review required. Suggested grades are not official curriculum alignment.