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Biology · Grades 10–12

From genes to proteins

Use transcription and translation as distinct processes.

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Learn the idea

Transcription

RNA is produced using DNA information as a template.

Translation

Ribosomes read messenger RNA codons to assemble an amino-acid sequence.

Code

A codon contains three RNA bases. Use a supplied codon table to avoid guessing assignments.

Limits

Not every gene encodes a protein, and not every RNA molecule is messenger RNA.

Worked examples

Which process produces RNA using DNA information?

Transcription copies sequence information into RNA.

Transcription.

Which structure carries out translation?

Ribosomes assemble amino-acid chains.

Ribosome.

Check your understanding

  1. How many RNA bases are in four codons?

  2. Which base is commonly used in RNA instead of thymine?

    1. Calcium.
    2. Adenine.
    3. Uracil.

  3. A simplified coding segment contains 60 bases and excludes start/stop complications. How many three-base codons does it contain?

Answers and marking notes

Answers and marking notes
  1. 12

    4 × 3 = 12 bases.

  2. Uracil.

    RNA commonly uses U where DNA uses T.

  3. 20

    60/3 = 20 codons under the stated simplification.

Further reading and review references

These are reference links, not copied exercises, institutional endorsement or proof of independent review.

Independent educational review required. Grade bands are approximate; these are not officially aligned curricula.