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Biology · Grades 6–10

Pollination, seeds and reproduction

Separate movement of pollen from fusion of gametes.

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Learn the idea

Pollination

In flowering plants, pollination transfers pollen to a receptive stigma.

Fertilization

Fertilization involves fusion of gametes; it is not the same event as pollination.

Seeds

Seeds contain an embryo and supporting structures that vary among plants.

Dispersal

Seed dispersal moves offspring away from the parent and occurs through several mechanisms.

Worked examples

Which event is pollination?

Pollination is pollen transfer, not fertilization itself.

Pollen reaching a receptive stigma.

Which event is fertilization?

Fertilization combines genetic material through gamete fusion.

Fusion of gametes.

Check your understanding

  1. Must pollination always be carried out by insects?

    1. No; wind and other agents can be involved.
    2. Only if a flower is yellow.
    3. Yes, all plants use bees.

  2. A sample has 40 seeds and 30 germinate under the stated test conditions. Find the germination percentage.

  3. Why should the conditions of a germination test be reported?

Answers and marking notes

Answers and marking notes
  1. No; wind and other agents can be involved.

    Pollination mechanisms vary.

  2. 75 %

    30/40 × 100 = 75%.

  3. Water, temperature, oxygen, dormancy and other factors can affect the result.

    A test percentage is condition-dependent.

Further reading and review references

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Independent educational review required. Grade bands are approximate; these are not officially aligned curricula.